The basics of internet of things so in this we are going to get introduced to the different fundamental concepts behind IOT and the basic technologies connectivity devices that are required and an overall understanding about how IOT is are made so we are going to have in this and understanding about all of these concepts but first let us get motivated about why IOT is required so it has been anticipated that very soon all the different things that are going that we are seeing around us and that we have around us are all going to be internet worked they are all going to be interconnected so at present what we enjoy as services as internet based services is basically a connection of different computers and computing devices so basically this capital I internet that all of us we use is basically a global network or an internet work of different computers and computing devices now what internet of things says is that the scope of this internet is going to be expanded so it is going to be expanded beyond computing and computer devices being connected it is going to interconnect different things that physical objects that we see around us the different objects such as the lighting systemin a room the lights the fans the air conditioners and anything and everything including things such as the toothbrush the microwave oven the refrigerator and so on and so forth and not only in our homes but also in our businesses such as internetworking different machines internetworking ah different equipment’s and so on so each and everything that we see around us that we use at our home in businesses in workplaces everything being internetworked so this is the whole vision of internetwork of things internet of things now there are several challenges that are going to arise if we want to do it but before that it is also discuss about why it is going to be required why internet of things has become so popular why it is going to be required it is the reason is that IOT is envisaged to be able to provide advanced level of service.
To the society to the business and so on so advanced levels of services can be offered with the help of IOT based technology so what is going to happen is these different things the chairs the tables these lighting system the you know the watch anything and everything that you can think of all of these are going to be fitted with embedded systems embedded electronics and information technology so that they have some basic computing platform in them attached to them and in and then they are going to be acting as different nodes of that particular internet the IOT internet of things right so what is going to happen is these systemsthese things are going to be all equipped with embedded systems and these embedded systems along with embedded electronics embedded processor embedded communication systems and so on so they are going to help in connecting the different other things that are around them and depending on the application requirements depending on the specific goals of the business and then a big internet is going to be formed which is much bigger than the current internet of computers and that is the internetwork internet of things iot now iot is one of the building blocks that is considered to be of use for developing smart homes and smart cities so at present not only in our country.
But throughout the world there is a lot of interest on developing smart cities and smart homes so iot is one of the enabling technologies to make the city smart to mix make the home smart so how it is going to be done that is going to be more evident as we proceed through the different lectures and the different intricacies that are going to be there in building this complex internet of things is going to be ah evidential a through different lectures that we are going to go through in this particular course so going forward internet technology that we have as I have already said it is going to expand beyond the connection of simple computers so we are going to connect or internetwork different machines different tools typically but not necessarily using wireless technologies wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi cellular technologies Bluetooth ZigBee and the different other wireless technologies that are available to us now in order to be able to do it what is going to happen is because the number of things is very large much larger than the number of computers that are available so it is going to increase the number of nodes in this particular networkso iot in other words is going to have large number of nodes the iot internetwork is going to have large number of nodes each node corresponding to the different distinct objects or different things that exist in the physical world so the things basically are going to explode the number of connected things are going to explode in time with time so the things that are connected to the internet are going to be projected to cross the twenty billion figure in the near future this is what has been predicted so a large number of things billions and in fact billions and trillions of things are going to be connected to the internetwork of things
So at this point I should also mention one more thing that this internetwork of things can be construed to be built in two different ways one way is to expend the scope of the current internet that means the internet of computers this is one way so you expand so essentially what is going to happened using this particular approach is all these different things are going to be connected to the existing internet so this internet is going to be expanded further it is going to become much bigger than what it is at present with only the computers connected this is the first approach the other approach is to build a separate internetwork of these physical objects from scratch so one is basically expanding the existing internet the other one is a separate one a separate internetwork which is going to be built from scratch so irrespective of which one we adopt each of these approaches has its own separate challenges that have to be overcome so going back we have the unification of different technologies that becomes very much mandatory we have so internetwork of things is not a single technology physical devices can be of different types different types of physical devices having ah different configurations different specifications and so on each of these supported through different other systems such as cloud technology big data
Machine learning networking computer vision you name it and all these different ah technologies from electrical sciences and some from even mechanical sciences are required in order to build iot so talking about the origin of iot so in the two thousand what we are going to witness is a new era of ubiquity so in this era of ubiquity what is going to happen is not only that we are going to have anywhere any place that means any place any time connectivity or services relating to connectivity that means internet or network connectivity of different types but also the surface of connecting anything so anytime anyplace anything connectivity is what is going to be observed in the in this new era of ubiquity so that is going to result in billions and trillions of things humans everybody being connected and consequently what is going to happen is the number of humans that are on the earth that that is going to this number this figure is going to be outnumbered very soon with the number of things that are connected to the internetwork of things internet of things and consequently what is going to happen is all these different devices all these different things they are going to send lot of data
This data has to be handled properly this this data have to be analysed and this is what we are going to cover in one of the ah next lectures and so what is going to happen is this internetwork the new internetwork that we are talking about the internet of things is going to be a very complex network with much wider scope than the current internet and with many more complexities and this is currently the vision of internet of things and all these lectures that we are going to go through in this particular course all the other lectures that we are going to go through they are going to cover the different challenges and how there are different tools that are available in order to what are the different tools that are available in order to address these different challenges so we are going to go and we are going to get introduced to all these different challenges and the different tools that are available in this particular course we are going to mostly understand the different concepts that are behind them and typically because it’s an introductory course we are not going Togo through each of these different technologies that are available to us in too much of detail but at a level that will help us to understand the basic concepts for that are required for designing internet of things so there are different enabling technologies for internet of things rid is one we you know at present in the market places and different places in the society you know and wherever we go we see that rid technology being used frontages rid readers are being used so
rid based devices are required for building internet of things sensors is another one which is according to me one of the most important enabling device or enabling technology for building internet of things sensors and actuators sensors and actuators is what we are going to cover akin one of the ah next lectures very shortly and the other things are different networked networking ah devices different connectivity’s different communication ah paradigms and soon so these are also required in order to connect these different sensors rids and different other physical devices that have to be internetwork ah to form the iot and finally I would like to mention that at present there is lot of interest in the nanotechnology domain so people are talking about building internet of nano things inter internet of nano sensors and so on so you know what is going to happen is there are going to be very small sized nanosized[e]-nano in the order in the in order of nano sized devices that are going to be used for different purposes for example there could be these nano capsules which can be ah which can be consumed and finally which are going to be excreted after they ah you know after they have performed their functions so these nano devices are going to be used
they are going to be swallowed and consumed and then ah you know so once that is done in the form of capsules they are going to ah be internetwork these different nano devices these nano capsules are going to talk to each other so these nano devices nano communication devices are being conceptualized at present people are thinking about building these nano devices that can be used to form the internet of nano things so ah once we have this internet of nano things that the horizon of internet of things is going to be expanded much further so we already have seen that when we are talking about iot it is mostly about networking of physical objects and these physical objects are embedded with ah you know the different embedded electronics that communicate and sense and interact with the internal states or with the external environment in which they are operating so either they are interacting with each other they change their different states or they are interacting with the inter external environment in which they are operating there are different characteristics
there are different characteristics of iot so first of all this iot that we develop that has tube efficient it has to serve efficiently the requirements of the applications for which they are deployed they have to be scalable because we as we have already seen that ingot systems we are talking about large number of things we are talking about not simply millions of things but in in several billions and trillions we are talking about the scalability is a very important consideration is a very important issue that has to be addressed so even if the number of sensors and the sensing devices iot devices are going to ah increase the overall network performance should not be compromised so the you know this is challenge in terms of the network so from a networking perspective it’s a challenge that has to be worked on there has to be unambiguous meaning and addressing architecture so this is very important so all these different devices already we have witnessed that addressing in the ivy four context in the regular existing internet context is a big issue so we are talking about naming and addressing different mechanisms of naming and addressing with the help of imp technology dons etcetera we are already we have already ah seen that these can be used in order to ahoy know address these problems of addressing and naming in the context of ah in the context of the present internet and now when we are expending this internet in this largescale so what is going to happen is we are going to run into a bigger problem with naming and addressing so we need a new mechanism for naming and addressing of the different nodes these physical nodes the physical objects that are fitted with embedded systems so another thing is that in terms of the resource requirements each of these nodes are typically very low power they have very low resources and they have to ah they have to be you know whenever they are not required they have to be put to the sleeping mode they have to go ah through a sleep cycle so that means whenever they are not being used they are not being active they have to be put in a sleep state and whenever they it is required they have to be made active
these devices can be mobile they can move for example a smartwatch you know whoever is wearing the smartwatch when they move this node also moves the smartwatch also moves so mobility like this becomes a very important problem in the context of iot networks mobility of the devices and the mobility of the subnetworks also is possible so part of the network becomes mobile and in extreme cases even larger network can also become mobile so imp based addressing may not be always very suitable ah in this sort of scenario so what are the different alternatives there are different people different researchers globally who are working on how iot technology how naming can be a different form of naming can be ah can be designed in order to supported this iot technology and intermittent connectivity is another characteristic that is typical of iot these devices they move they get the network and the subnetworks get partitioned one device which is in ah connectivity with another device at a later instant of time may not be connected so this is another problem that has to be taken care of so for this for example there is this an opportunistic mobile networks a which is a topic ah which can help in addressing this particular problem this technology the Waymond
technology can help in addressing this particular problem so opportunistic mobile networks are useful in order to address the problems of intermittent connectivity between the different nodes in the network in terms of application domains there are you know iot is attractive in different applications spheres application domains spheres for instance manufacturing and business healthcare retail security and so on so in among all of these it is estimated that most of the market share with iot goes with the manufacturing at an business sector so forty point two percent’s ah percent approximately next is the healthcare third is the retail sector and fourth is the security so surveillance safety surveillance and so on with the help of iot based systems so when we talk about business and manufacturing we are talking about how to improve the overall supply chain what are the different equipment’s that have to be introduced and different sensors and actuators can be fitted to them the different robotic machinery can be used in order to improve the business processes second is the healthcare we are talking about portable healthcare monitoring telemedicine in a much more bigger way that means much remote areas can also be connected the different healthcare facilities hospitals nursing homes doctors nurses irrespective of where they are they can still monitor the healthcare condition the health condition of the patients ah that they are ah treating so portable health monitoring electronic recordkeeping is another so automatically because you know in medical domain record keeping is a very important concern so ah electronic record keeping automatically things are the records medical records are going to be archived they are going to be stored they are going to bayou know so maybe they can be even further analysed to grow some meaningful conclusions from them and so on and different pharmaceutical set safeguards can be had in the using theist technology in the case of retail sector as well tasks such as inventory tracking smartphone purchasing anonymous analytics of consumer choices these are the different things that can be done efficiently through the use of iot
technology security is another biometric and facial recognition looks ah then the remote sensors ah and soon ah you know fingerprinting based or face recognition based or different eye rays recognition based you know so these technologies can be ah connected and use the with the help of ah iot ah they you know this this sort of security mechanisms can be developed now when we talk about this interconnectivity of different devices we see that this interconnection or connectivity between the different devices has evolved over the years first it started with these individual cash machines or the ATMs being internetworked the web became very popular so you know everybody connects to the internet or the web in order to get access to different information send emails and so on and so forth many different things are performed by different web users at present smart picker meters then became popular so smart meters are used at different homes in a city these smart meters they can be programmable and they can record different things even you can program the smart meters at your homes in order to do different things like load balancing electrical load balancing efficient use of electricity ah you know using electricity during non-peak hours pricing accordingly in the pricing mechanic choosing different options ah for service of electricity that is provided by the service provider and so on and then we have digital locks biometric based digital locks are very popular we have smart healthcare smart vehicles smart cities and smart dusts so these are the different ah different technologies that have evolved these are the different connected you know device based technologies that have evolved over the years so ATM and web are relatively old by now one comes from nineteen seventies the other one from nineteen nineties but smart meters became very popular in the two thousands digital locks are very popular at present so smartphones can be used as
locks to lock and unlock the doors remotely at your homes or at your businesses and these locked keys and so on they can be easily changed and one can be granted access to a particular facility one means in a business the employees or the different guests they can be granted access to different facilities through the digital locks much more easily than the conventional locks smart healthcare connected vehicle smart vehicles you know ah these are quite common smart cities as I was telling you is very popular at present not only in India but throughout the globe so in smart city people are talking about deploying smart different citing infrastructure ah these infrastructure which can communicate with each other they can be used by different owners and the different operations in a city and ah the different functions of the different offices etcetera you know so all these things offices and different other public places all these things can be monitored and the operations can be improved much more easily and ah also the information dissemination because you know the all these different devices they are typically fitted with sensors so these sensors are going to throw in lot of data so in this so dissemination of this particular data is very important handling of this particular data is very important in the context of smart cities smart dusts another thing where the computers that are smaller than a grain of sand can be spreader injected almost anywhere to measure chemicals in the soil or to diagnose problems in the human body so in the modern day iot people are talking about different applications such as smart parking structural health monitoring noise urban maps that means noise maps in a particular city or an urban environment smartphone detection traffic condition smart lighting systems waste management smart roads river flood monitoring smart grid tank monitoring water tanks etcetera tank level monitoring photovoltaic ah installations water flow monitoring stock calculations access control presence of different liquids hazardous materials and so on and so forth large number of applications are envisaged in fact they you know there are many ah iot oriented systems have been built already they have been prototyped some have been much more advanced than in that than a simple prototype and these can be used for serving not only these applications that I just mentioned oral ah but also a large number of different other types of applications for example healthcare space applications and so on and so forth the number is many and you know anywhere that you see there is a problem iot is quite likely can be used in order to improve the efficiency of the solution to that particular problem different other applications such as forest fire detection air pollution
monitoring snow level monitoring landslide monitoring and avalanche prevention actually landslide monitoring in our country there have been different institutional ah that have already developed systems for landslide monitoring ah so without getting into the details of it let me proceed further so we have earthquake early detection and monitoring seismic system seismic sensors have been developed they can be connected they can be internet worked and so on water leakage monitoring in a water ah deliverysystem water transmission system in a city radiation level monitoring explosive exclusive monitoring and hazardous gas monitoring supply chain control neck payment intelligent shopping applications and smart product management as I was telling you before you can in fact think of iot applications in almost any sphere of the society any sphere of life so what is expected in order to build iot is to have trillions of sensors billions of smart systems millions of applications all of which are going to be internetwork they are going tube made synchronously operated in order to form in order to build iot different enablers of iot in terms of in terms of enabling technologies we have from implementations perspective different technologies such as you know smart homes smart factories and so on different sensors can be fitted ah and then and we also have a different connectivity offering devices such as rids ZigBee ah waifish Wi-Fi ah cellular connectivity six low pan Lora ah and so on and so forth so different connectivity offering ah technologies are required and in terms of implementation as I was telling you factories homes ah you know ah banks and ah transportation sector ah agriculture ah you know healthcare ah and so on and so forth all of these different technologies are required and the other enabling technology is things like big data deep learning artificial intelligence sensor network regular network the regular wireless and wired networks so all of these are different enablers for buildings iot in terms of connectivity typically there are three layers of connectivity service layer local connectivity and global connectivity for global connectivity we have the internet for local connectivity we have components such as the gateway and for service level using different communication
technologies such as these ah you know different services can be offered to different application areas such as health care agriculture ah ahahyou know businesses factories plants banks and so on in terms of the baseline technologies there are quite a few baseline technologies that are that can be used machine to machine communications one in machine to machine communication one machine directly talks to another machine communicates with another machine without any human intervention we have the cyber physical systems where the cyber ah the physical systems are basically equipped with computer and connectivity computational and connectivity mechanisms so we have a cyber physical system which works hand in hand cyber one the cyber component of the system works hand in hand with the physical component of the system so we have the cyber physical system we have web of things which is sort of like ah the web person of the internet of things so iot and m to m these go almost hand in hand but there is a distinction whereas m to me is just concerned about communication and interaction between two machines or two devices using technologies such as cloud regular internet and so on ah in the case of iot the scope is much bigger so in iot we are talking about not only machine to machine communication but different other things as well so m to m can be construed to be a part of iot while m tom standards have a prominent place in the iot standard landscape however iot has a broader scope than m to m so there can be broader range of interactions not simply machine to machine interaction they can be interactions between ah not only machines and machines things and things but also things and people things and applications and people with applications iot and web of things internet of things and web of things are often confused to be the one and the same but there is a distinction the wave of things ah basically focuses more on the use of web based technologies such as html five java script ajax php and so on and so forth over the regular iot to Maceio smarter and web accessible there are a lot of terminological interdependence when we talk about iot has similarity with internet of people which has a people focus iot ah from iot ah different ah using iot different ah industry oriented machines and so on ah can be controlled so we have smart factories ah you know smart factories using a robots virtual reality and so on one can have industry four point zero which is an approach to ah the modern-day mechanization or improvement of the current day plans and industries internet of environment is another we havocs which is basically the hyperphysical systems where these systems basically autonomously they operate and they can in fact in an iot world what can happen is these cps systemsthese different cps systems they can be internetwork together in this particular ah internet that means the internet of things we have m to m machine to machine communication I already mentioned to you maybe what can happen in a smart home machines such as the lighting system can talk to the cooling system directly the cooling system can talk to can communicate with the fans directly the fans can communicate with a
mobile phone directly or the mobile phone can communicate with a fan directly so as you can see that between two different machines without any human interventional you know communication can take place and this is known as m to m so with this we come to an end ah of this particular lecture and we are going to continue with the introduction in the next part of the lecture as well and so far what we have understood are the basics of internet of things the motivation behind internet of things the different application areas the different main points the challenges that are involved and what we are envisioning when we are talking about building internet of things in the future thank you
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